Imaging Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus in a Fox Cub-Case Study

Abstract

Hydrocephalus is a frequently observed congenital malformation of the central nervous system in domestic animals; however, its occurrence in wild species remains underreported. This study documents a clinical case of congenital hydrocephalus in a red fox cub (Vulpes vulpes) admitted to the “Visul Luanei” Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. The individual exhibited neurological deficits characterized by depressed mental status, incoordination, dromomania, behavior changes, and blindness. Diagnostic imaging, including radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealed a domed cranial morphology and severe dilation of the ventricular system. Notably, the lateral ventricles were markedly enlarged, with the absence of the septum pellucidum, resulting in a unified ventricular cavity. During electroencephalography (EEG) performed under general anesthesia, a high voltage and low frequency, predominantly featuring delta waves background activity was observed on all traces. Due to the poor prognosis and lack of clinical improvement, euthanasia was performed. This case contributes to the limited knowledge regarding central nervous system malformations in wild canids and underscores the need for further research on congenital neurological disorders in wildlife species.