Enzootic bovine leukosis and food safety: risks and control approaches

Abstract

Bovine enzootic leukosis (EBL), caused by the Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), is a retroviral disease of major veterinary and economic significance worldwide. Although the primary impact is on animal health, the presence of viral genetic material in milk and lymphoid tissues has raised concerns regarding food safety and possible zoonotic potential. Pasteurization considerably reduces viral infectivity, but complete inactivation remains debated, while ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment eliminates viral RNA. BLV has not been detected in bovine muscle tissue, yet lymph nodes, spleen, and liver may act as reservoirs. The European Union applies strict eradication programs and prohibits the marketing of raw milk from BLV-positive cattle, while the United States and Canada permit products from infected animals provided thermal processing is ensured. This paper provides a systematic review of scientific evidence, international legislation, and risk management strategies. The findings emphasize the importance of harmonized global standards, strict hygiene, and continued surveillance to ensure consumer confidence and protect food safety.