Economic and Energy Assessment of Emissions from European Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Sustainability and Resilience

Abstract

This study analyzes the economic and energy dimensions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture at the European level, making a regional comparison for the period 2000–2022. The research assesses the sustainability and resilience of agricultural systems through regional comparisons, analyzing emissions at the farm and agricultural land level using indicators such as emissions per capita, emissions relative to economic value and emissions per hectare of agricultural land, providing insights into the disparities between Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western European regions. The results reveal significant variations in emissions intensity and sustainability practices between regions, with Northern Europe showing the highest emissions per unit due to intensive agriculture, Southern and Eastern Europe showing lower emissions influenced by climatic conditions and economic transitions, and Western Europe showing a balance between agricultural intensification and sustainability due to early adoption of advanced technologies. The study underlines the importance of adapting regional strategies to increase sustainability and energy resilience in agriculture, providing valuable insights for integrating renewable energy sources, optimizing resource use and implementing targeted policies to reduce emissions.